Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• فردین نجف زاده ¹
• فردین Najafzadeh ²

¹ PhD Student

² Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

“The issue of God’s anthropomorphism and transcendence is fundamental to theology and Kalam-Sufi epistemology, as a correct understanding of monotheism is impossible without grasping it. This fundamental importance has led to numerous debates and controversies throughout the history of Islamic thought, resulting in the formation of various sects based on this matter. Therefore, in this research, we have sought to identify the approaches to anthropomorphism and transcendence within Islamic theology and Kalam-Sufi epistemology. By examining significant theological and mystical sources, we have extracted four prominent approaches in addressing the problem of God’s anthropomorphism and transcendence: 1. anthropomorphic approach; 2.transcendent approach; 3. intermediate approach of transcendence and anthropomorphism; 4. approach of combining transcendence and anthropomorphism. Furthermore, with the aim of a more precise understanding and explanation of these approaches, we have also explored the relationship between the divine essence and attributes. Accordingly, proponents of anthropomorphism posit a relationship of “otherness” and “superfluity”, while proponents of transcendence emphasize “identity” and “viceroyalty”. The Ash’arites suggest a relationship of “subsistence”– where attributes are neither the essence nor separate from it – and the mystics advocate for a “combination of identity and otherness.” Specifically, from the perspective of the mystics, the relationship between the divine essence and attributes is based on “essential identity and conceptual otherness.” Mystics’ view on anthropomorphism and transcendence demonstrates greater compatibility with the Quran, Hadith, and religious scriptures in general, offering a more comprehensive and clearer explanation of this topic. this comprehensive perspective effectively facilitates the interpretation of seemingly contradictory narrations.”

Keywords

• Transcendence
• Anthropomorphism
• Relationship between Divine Essence and Attributes
• Kalam (Islamic Scholastic Theology)
• Mysticism

Main Subjects

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